Cultural Dos and Taboos
1. There are several styles of greetings in Turkey and thus, in the case of a first meeting, it is advisable to wait for one's counterpart to initiate the greeting. Westernized men shake hands firmly with other men. It is not customary to shake hands again upon departure. Among close friends or family, a more traditional greeting may involve with a two-handed handshake and/or kiss on the cheek. In the case of meetings involving both genders and across cultural lines, Turks may greet a close friend of either sex, however, a foreign man should not address a Muslim Turkish woman unless she has been formally introduced to him. Moreover, one should not kiss, hug, or even hold hands with someone of the opposite sex in public.
2. Elders are respected in Turkey, thus, one should rise to greet them when they enter a room, and when being introduced to a group of men, one should start shaking hands with the eldest.
3. In conversation, good topic choices include families, sports, culture, personal hobbies and interests, professions, and other non-controversial affairs. Generally, discussions about politics or anything related to the Turkish-Greek dispute over Cyprus should be avoided.
4. Social space is a culturally determined trait and visitors should note that Turks speak to each other at a somewhat closer distance than North Americans. This tendency is merely an indicator that this culture has a different understanding of spatial dynamics.
5. Tobacco appears to be widely used in Turkey and smoking zones are uncommon. One should be prepared for this reality
6. Turkey is a Muslim country with a number of prohibitions and customs involving eating that one should adhere to in a Muslim country. For example, one should also note that the consumption of alcohol or pork is disallowed in strict Muslim circles. Meanwhile, all meats consumed by Muslims should adhere to "hallal" standards. When one is partaking of a meal, one should not eat everything on the plate. Leaving a little food is a sign that one has had enough to eat. In restaurants, Turks do not usually order the entire meal at once. Instead, they order the courses one at a time, deciding what to eat next only after finishing the last course.
7. Dining is Turkey is Continental style with the fork held steadfastly in the left hand and the knife in the right hand. Elbows should remain off the table and hands should not rest on the lap.
8. One should always use the right hand in preference to the left. The left hand is considered unclean in the Muslim world and as such, one should never eat with the left hand.
9. One should also avoid pointing at another person, and one should never use the North American "thumbs up" gesture as is considered to be vulgar.
10. Note that it is discourteous for women to cross their legs while facing another person. Likewise, it is rude to cross one's arms while facing someone else, to use the North American "thumbs up" gesture, or to speak with one's hands in one's pockets. One should also avoid blowing one's nose in public, especially in a restaurant. If it must be done, try to do so with as much discretion as possible.
11. Note that the U. S. gesture for "no" (wagging the head from side to side) is a Turkish gesture for "I don't understand." The proper ways to indicate "no" include raising the eyebrows (sometimes accompanied by a sound under the breath) or alternatively, raising the eyebrows with a backward titling of the head and lowering of the eyelids.
12. Normally, one should be prepared to remove one's shoes before entering a home. When one removes one's shoes, the soles of the shoes are placed together, preventing the sole from being pointed at anyone. Also, one should never show the bottom of one's feet as it is considered offensive.
13. If you are invited to an Turkish home, it is customary to take a gift to the host or hostess. Baked goods or chocolates are good choices, while flowers are acceptable for very Westernized Turks. Beautiful ornaments, possibly from one's own country, or fine crystal or china, vases, decanters or goblets, are also good choices. For extended stays in a Turkish home, bring gifts for the children.
14. Visitors should be sure to acquaint themselves with the calendar and traditions of Islam - such as the fasting, prayer and practices that are mandated during the period of Ramadan. Similarly, one should always be aware of how Islamic law, which is delineated in the Shari'a, is used as the basis for the legal and juridical structure in many Islamic countries. While the violation of traditions may simply be rationalized as ignorance in other countries, they take on far greater meaning in countries where the Islamic religions textures all aspect of society and culture.
15. If you choose to visit a mosque, try not to arrive during prayer time or on the Holy day, Friday. Expect to leave your shoes at the door when entering a mosque. Women should cover their heads, shoulders and arms. One should also expect to make a small donation after visiting a mosque.
16. Although Turkey is generally more Westernized than many other Islamic countries, discretion should be exercised. Business wear is typically more conventional; suits are the norm for both men and women, although some industries may allow more casual attire to be worn. Casual dress should be modest. Shorts should only be worn at the seaside resorts. Women generally should try to be more restrained in regard to makeup and jewelry.
Business Customs
Turkish and foreign business community members who have broad experience in the market, give the following suggestions:
The Turkish people feel close to their traditions and culture. However, having ties with western countries, Turkish people in major cities have adopted a western way of life. A foreigner visiting any one of the large cities in Turkey will find himself in an atmosphere similar to that of a contemporary western city. There are no local customs, beyond the bounds of normal courtesy, that a visiting businessman should feel compelled to observe. In general, a personal relationship is an important basis for a successful business relationship in Turkey. It is usually important to allow time for friendly conversation before commencing with a business agenda. Business cards are almost always exchanged, and visitors are usually offered a glass of tea or Turkish coffee.